refactor: simplify setup flow — eliminate redundant DB calls and login round-trips

- Add AdminExists() to UserRepository (EXISTS query, not full table scan)
- SetupInitialAdmin returns tokens directly (skip separate Login call)
- Add SetupRequest DTO to auth_dto.go (replace inline struct)
- Extract defaultEmail() helper (removes duplicated email logic)
- AuthPage uses setup tokens directly (skip redundant apiLogin call)
- Use customAxiosInstance for auth API calls (consistent with codebase)

backend/internal/adapter/input/http/dto/auth_dto.go

@@ -50,6 +50,13 @@ type LoginRequest struct {
 	Password string `json:"password" binding:"required"`
 }
 
+// SetupRequest 初始管理员注册请求
+type SetupRequest struct {
+	Username string `json:"username" binding:"required"`
+	Password string `json:"password" binding:"required"`
+	Email    string `json:"email,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // RefreshTokenRequest 刷新 Token 请求
 type RefreshTokenRequest struct {
 	RefreshToken string `json:"refreshToken" binding:"required"`

backend/internal/adapter/input/http/rest/auth_handler.go

@@ -265,11 +265,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) AuthStatus(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 // Setup creates the first admin user. Only works when no admin exists.
 func (h *AuthHandler) Setup(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	var req struct {
-		Username string `json:"username"`
-		Password string `json:"password"`
-		Email    string `json:"email"`
-	}
+	var req dto.SetupRequest
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
 		respondError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "Invalid request body", err.Error())
 		return
@@ -279,19 +275,12 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) Setup(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	_, err := h.authService.SetupInitialAdmin(r.Context(), req.Username, req.Password, req.Email)
+	_, accessToken, refreshToken, err := h.authService.SetupInitialAdmin(r.Context(), req.Username, req.Password, req.Email)
 	if err != nil {
 		respondServiceError(w, err, "Failed to create initial admin")
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Generate access token immediately
-	accessToken, refreshToken, _, err := h.authService.Login(r.Context(), req.Username, req.Password)
-	if err != nil {
-		respondServiceError(w, err, "Admin created but login failed")
-		return
-	}
-
 	respondJSON(w, http.StatusCreated, map[string]string{
 		"accessToken":  accessToken,
 		"refreshToken": refreshToken,

backend/internal/adapter/output/persistence/mock/user_repository_mock.go

@@ -85,6 +85,17 @@ func (r *UserRepositoryMock) Delete(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (r *UserRepositoryMock) AdminExists(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	for _, u := range r.users {
+		if u.Role == "admin" {
+			return true, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
 func (r *UserRepositoryMock) List(ctx context.Context) ([]*entity.User, error) {
 	r.mu.RLock()
 	defer r.mu.RUnlock()

backend/internal/adapter/output/persistence/postgres/user_repository.go

@@ -120,6 +120,12 @@ func (r *UserRepository) GetByUsername(ctx context.Context, username string) (*e
 }
 
 // Update 更新用户
+func (r *UserRepository) AdminExists(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	var exists bool
+	err := r.db.conn.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE role = 'admin')`).Scan(&exists)
+	return exists, err
+}
+
 func (r *UserRepository) Update(ctx context.Context, user *entity.User) error {
 	user.UpdatedAt = time.Now()
 

backend/internal/domain/repository/user_repository.go

@@ -24,4 +24,7 @@ type UserRepository interface {
 
 	// List 列出所有用户
 	List(ctx context.Context) ([]*entity.User, error)
+
+	// AdminExists checks whether any admin user exists (lightweight EXISTS query)
+	AdminExists(ctx context.Context) (bool, error)
 }

backend/internal/domain/service/auth_service.go

@@ -80,53 +80,53 @@ type UserWorkspaceOptions struct {
 	QuotaGPUMem      string
 }
 
-// IsAdminExists checks whether any admin user already exists in the database.
-func (s *AuthService) IsAdminExists(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
-	users, err := s.userRepo.List(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	for _, u := range users {
-		if u.Role == authz.RoleAdmin {
-			return true, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return false, nil
+func defaultEmail(username string) string {
+	return username + "@local.ocdp"
 }
 
-// SetupInitialAdmin creates the first admin user. Fails if an admin already exists.
-func (s *AuthService) SetupInitialAdmin(ctx context.Context, username, password, email string) (*entity.User, error) {
+// IsAdminExists checks whether any admin user already exists in the database.
+func (s *AuthService) IsAdminExists(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	return s.userRepo.AdminExists(ctx)
+}
+
+// SetupInitialAdmin creates the first admin user and returns access + refresh tokens.
+// Fails if an admin already exists.
+func (s *AuthService) SetupInitialAdmin(ctx context.Context, username, password, email string) (*entity.User, string, string, error) {
 	hasAdmin, err := s.IsAdminExists(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, "", "", err
 	}
 	if hasAdmin {
-		return nil, entity.ErrForbidden
+		return nil, "", "", entity.ErrForbidden
 	}
 
-	// Hash password
 	passwordHash, err := s.passwordHasher.Hash(password)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, "", "", err
 	}
 
 	if email == "" {
-		email = username + "@local.ocdp"
+		email = defaultEmail(username)
 	}
 
 	user := entity.NewUser(username, passwordHash, email)
 	user.ID = uuid.New().String()
 	user.Role = authz.RoleAdmin
 	user.WorkspaceID = entity.DefaultWorkspaceID
-	user.IsActive = true
 
 	if err := user.Validate(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, "", "", err
 	}
 	if err := s.userRepo.Create(ctx, user); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, "", "", err
 	}
-	return user, nil
+
+	// Generate tokens directly — avoid a separate login round-trip
+	accessToken, refreshToken, err := s.tokenGenerator.Generate(user.ID, user.Username, user.Role, user.WorkspaceID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", "", err
+	}
+	return user, accessToken, refreshToken, nil
 }
 
 func (s *AuthService) Register(ctx context.Context, username, password, role, workspaceID string, opts UserWorkspaceOptions, isActive, mustChangePassword *bool) (*entity.User, error) {
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (s *AuthService) Register(ctx context.Context, username, password, role, wo
 	}
 
 	// 默认生成占位邮箱，避免数据库约束失败
-	email := username + "@local.ocdp"
+	email := defaultEmail(username)
 
 	// 创建用户
 	user := entity.NewUser(username, passwordHash, email)

frontend/src/api/index.ts

@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ export const login = postAuthLogin;
 export const register = postAuthRegister;
 export const refreshAuth = postAuthRefresh;
 export const fetchAuthStatus = () =>
-  AXIOS_INSTANCE.get<{ needsSetup: boolean; hasUsers: boolean }>("/auth/status").then((r) => r.data);
+  customAxiosInstance<{ needsSetup: boolean; hasUsers: boolean }>({ url: "/auth/status", method: "GET" });
 export const setupInitialAdmin = (data: { username: string; password: string; email?: string }) =>
-  AXIOS_INSTANCE.post<{ accessToken: string; refreshToken: string }>("/auth/setup", data).then((r) => r.data);
+  customAxiosInstance<{ accessToken: string; refreshToken: string }>({ url: "/auth/setup", method: "POST", data });
 export const listUsers = () => customAxiosInstance<UserResponse[]>({ url: "/users", method: "GET" });
 export const createUser = (data: AdminCreateUserRequest) =>
   customAxiosInstance<UserResponse>({ url: "/users", method: "POST", data });

frontend/src/features/auth/pages/AuthPage.tsx

@@ -59,20 +59,20 @@ const AuthPage: React.FC<Props> = ({ onLogin }) => {
     toastInfo("Creating admin account...", { title: "Setup", durationMs: 1200 });
 
     try {
-      await setupInitialAdmin({
+      const result = await setupInitialAdmin({
         username: setupUsername,
         password: setupPassword,
         email: setupEmail || undefined,
       });
 
-      // Login with the returned tokens
-      const loginResponse = await apiLogin({
+      // setupInitialAdmin returns tokens — use them directly to avoid redundant login
+      onLogin({
+        accessToken: result.accessToken,
+        refreshToken: result.refreshToken,
         username: setupUsername,
-        password: setupPassword,
-      });
+      } as any);
 
       toastSuccess("Admin account created. Welcome!");
-      onLogin(loginResponse);
       navigate("/home", { replace: true });
     } catch (err: unknown) {
       const msg = getErrorMessage(err, "Setup failed. Please try again later.");